Menu
The masticatory system is extremely complex, functional unit of the body primarily responsible for chewing, speaking, and
swallowing. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ), the articulation of the mandibular condyle with the glenoid fossa of the temporal
bone, is a complex skeletal structure that is essential for jaw movement in mammals. TMJ is comprised of multiple
tissues, including the mandibular condyle, glenoid fossa, a fibrocartilaginous articular disc located between these two bones
that divides the joint cavity into two compartments, and a variety of associated tendons and muscles. The application of
forces during certain orthodontic mechanics, especially orthopedic situations, can cause alterations in condylar growth and
bone structures of the TMJ. The orthodontist must understand the functional anatomy of TMJ before they can effectively
diagnose and treat disease of TMJ. This term Temporo-Mandibular Disorders (TMDs), does not merely suggest problems that
are isolated to the joints but includes all disturbances associated with the function of the masticatory system.The aetiology
of TMDs is complex and multi-factorial. Numerous factors can contribute to TMDs. Factors that increase the risk of TMDs are
called predisposing factors. Factors that cause the onset of TMDs are called initiating factors and factors that interfere with
healing or enhance the progression of TMDs are called perpetuating factors.
1. Costen, JB 1934, ‘A Syndrome of Ear and Sinus Symptoms Dependent upon Disturbed Function of the temporo-mandibular
Joint’, Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1934; 43(1): 1-15.
2. Byahatti, SM. Evolution, epidemiology and etiology of temporo-mandibular joint disorders’, Journal of Indian Acadamy
of Oral Medicine and Radioloy.2010:22(4): S13-18.
3. Griffiths, RH. Report of the president’s conference on the examination, diagnosis and management of temporo-mandibular
disorders’, The Journal of American Dental Association. 1983;106( 1):55-57.
4. Okeson, JP, de Leeuw R.Differential diagnosis of tempotemporo-mandibular disorders and other orofacial pain disorders’,
Dental Clinics of North America.2011;55,(1):105-120.
5. Harvey W. Investigation and survey of malocclusion and earsymptoms, with particular reference to otitic barotrauma;
pain in ears due to change in altitude’, British Dental Journal.1948;85(10):219.
6. Junemann, HR. Consequences of shortening the inter-maxillary distance. The Journal of the American Dental Association.
1941;28(9):1427-1436.
7. Moyers RE. An electromyographic analysis of certain muscles involved in temporo-mandibular movement. American
Journal of Orthodontics.1950; 36(7):481-515.
8. Brussell IJ. temporo-mandibular joint diseases: differential diagnosis and treatment. The Journal of the American Dental
Association.1949;39(5):532-554.
9. ByahattiSM .Evolution, epidemiology and etiology of temporo-mandibular joint disorders.Journal of Indian Acadamy
of Oral Medicine and Radioloy.2010;22(4): S13-18.
10. Carlson CR, Okeson JP, Falace DA, Nitz AJ, CurranSL,Anderson, D. Comparison of psychologic and physiologic
functioning between patients with masticatory muscle pain and matched controls. Journal of Orofacial Pain.1993;7(1).
11. Castroflorio T, Bargellini A, Rossini G, Cugliari G, Deregibus A. Sleep bruxism in adolescents: a systematic literature
review of related risk factors’, European Journal of Orthodontics.2017;39(1):61-68.
12. Perry HT, Harris SC. Role of the neuromuscular system in functional activity of the mandible.The Journal of the American
Dental Association, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 665-673.
13. Colquitt, T 1987, ‘The sleep-wear syndrome,’ The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.1954; 57(1):33-41.
14. Conti A, Freitas M, Conti, P, Henriques, J, Janson, G. Relationship between signs and symptoms of temporo-mandibular
disorders and orthodontic treatment: a cross-sectional study. The Angle Orthodontist.2003;73(4): 411-417.
15. Costen JB. Neuralgias and ear symptoms: associated with disturbed function of the temporo-mandibular Joint. Journal
of the American Medical Association.1936;107(4):252-255.
16. Crider A, Glaros AG, Gevirtz, RN. Efficacy of biofeedback-based treatments for temporo-mandibular disorders.
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback.2005;30(4):333-345.
17. Crompton AW, Parker P 1978, ‘Evolution of mammalian masticatory apparatus.Am Sci.1978;66(2):192-201.
18. David CM, Elavarasi P. Functional anatomy and biomechanics of temporomandibular joint and the far-reaching effects
of its disorders. Journal of Advanced Clinical & Research Insights.2016;3: 101-106.
19. de Souza Barbosa T, Miyakoda LS, de Liz Pocztaruk R, Rocha CP, Gaviao, MBD. Temporo-mandibular disorders and
bruxism in childhood and adolescence: Review of the Literature. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology.
2008;72(3):299-314.
20. Cairn BE. Pathophysiology of TMD pain-basic mechanisms and their implications for pharmacotherapy. Journal of Oral
Rehabilitation.2010;37(6):391-410.
21. Calixtre LB, Gruninger BLDS, Chaves TC, Oliveira ABD. Is there an association between anxiety/depression and temporo-
mandibular disorders in college students? Journal of Applied Oral Science.2014;22(1):15-21.
22. Kopp S. The influence of neuro peptides, serotonin and interleukin 1B on temporo-mandibular joint pain and
inflammation. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery1998; 56(2):189-191.
23. Kopp S, Carlsson GE, Haraldson T, Wenneberg B. Longterm effect of intra-articular injections of sodium hyaluronate
and corticosteriod on temporo-mandibular joint arthritis. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.1987;45(11): 929-935.
24. Bertolami CN, Gay T, Clark GT, Rendell J, Shetty V, Liu C, Swann, DA. Use of sodium hyaluronate in treating temporo-mandibular joint disorders: a randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.1993;51(3):232-242.
25. Sfondrini G, Reggiani C, Gandini P, Bovenzi R, Pellegrino, MA. Adaptations of masticatory muscles to a hyperpropulsive
appliance in the rat.American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.1996;110(6): 612-617.
26. Kaur R, MunjalS,Singh S, Natt A, Singh H. Temporomandibular joint and Orthodontics.J applied Dent MedSci.2018;4(6):128-35.
Desh Bhagat University,
Off to NH-44, Amloh Road, Mandi Gobindgarh,
District Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab- 147301, India