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Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy for improving
the management of diabetes mellitus by addressing the limitations associated with
conventional therapeutic approaches. Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by
persistent hyperglycemia, requires long-term treatment strategies that often suffer from poor
bioavailability, frequent dosing, systemic side effects, and low patient compliance.
Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions through the development of advanced delivery
platforms such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers,
and nanoemulsions. These nanocarriers enhance drug stability, protect labile molecules like
insulin from enzymatic degradation, and facilitate controlled and targeted drug delivery. In
particular, nanocarrier systems enable alternative administration routes, including oral, nasal,
and transdermal delivery, thereby improving patient adherence and therapeutic outcomes.
Furthermore, the integration of smart and stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, including glucose
responsive systems, allows for self-regulated drug release that closely mimics physiological
insulin secretion. Despite significant progress in preclinical research, challenges related to
safety, toxicity, large-scale manufacturing, and regulatory approval continue to hinder
clinical translation. Ongoing advancements in nanomedicine, along with the incorporation of
personalized therapy and artificial intelligence, are expected to further enhance the efficacy
and precision of diabetes treatment. This review comprehensively highlights the role of
nanocarriers in diabetes management, emphasizing their potential to overcome existing
therapeutic barriers and improve long-term disease control.
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